Battle of the Coral Sea in World War II

The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought May 4-8, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) as the Allies sought to halt the Japanese capture of New Guinea. During the opening months of World War in the Pacific, the Japanese won a string of stunning victories which saw them capture Singapore, defeat an Allied fleet in the Java Sea, and force American and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula to surrender. Pushing south through the Dutch East Indies, the Imperial Japanese Naval General Staff had initially desired to mount an invasion of northern Australia to prevent that country from being used as base. This plan was vetoed by the Imperial Japanese Army which lacked the manpower and shipping capability to sustain such an operation. To secure the Japanese southern flank, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue, commander of the Fourth Fleet, advocated for taking all of New Guinea and occupying the Solomon Islands. This would eliminate the last Allied base between Japan and Australia as well as would provide a security perimeter around Japans recent conquests in the Dutch East Indies. This plan was approved as it would also bring northern Australia within range of Japanese bombers and would offer jumping off points for operations against Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia. The fall of these islands would effectively sever Australias lines of communication with the United States. Japanese Plans Dubbed Operation Mo, the Japanese plan called for three Japanese fleets sortie from Rabaul in April 1942. The first, led by Rear Admiral Kiyohide Shima, was tasked with taking Tulagi in the Solomons and establishing a seaplane base on the island. The next, commanded by Rear Admiral Koso Abe, consisted of the invasion force that would strike the main Allied base on New Guinea, Port Moresby. These invasion forces were screened by Vice Admiral Takeo Takagis covering force centered around the carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku and the light carrier Shoho. Arriving at Tulagi on May 3, Japanese forces quickly occupied the island and set up a seaplane base. Allied Response Throughout the spring of 1942, the Allies remained informed about Operation Mo and Japanese intentions through radio intercepts. This largely occurred as a result of American cryptographers breaking the Japanese JN-25B code. Analysis of the Japanese messages led the Allied leadership to conclude that a major Japanese offensive would occur in the Southwest Pacific during the early weeks of May and that Port Moresby was the likely target. Responding to this threat, Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, ordered all four of his carrier groups to the area. These included Task Forces 17 and 11, centered on the carriers USS Yorktown  (CV-5)  and USS Lexington  (CV-2) respectively, which were already in the South Pacific. Vice Admiral William F. Halseys Task Force 16, with the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), which had just returned to Pearl Harbor from the Doolittle Raid, was also ordered south but would not arrive in time for the battle. Fleets Commanders Allies Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher2 carriers, 9 cruisers, 13 destroyers Japanese Vice Admiral Takeo TakagiVice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue2 carriers, 1 light carrier, 9 cruisers, 15 destroyers Fighting Begins Led by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, Yorktown and TF17 raced to the area and launched three strikes against Tulagi on May 4, 1942. Hitting the island hard, they badly damaged the seaplane base and eliminated its reconnaissance capabilities for the coming battle. In addition, Yorktowns aircraft sank a destroyer and five merchant ships. Steaming south, Yorktown joined Lexington later that day. Two days later, land-based B-17s from Australia spotted and attacked the Port Moresby invasion fleet. Bombing from high-altitude, they failed to score any hits. Throughout the day both carrier groups searched for each other with no luck as cloudy skies limited visibility. With night setting in, Fletcher made the difficult decision to detach his main surface force of three cruisers and their escorts. Designated Task Force 44, under the command of Rear Admiral John Crace, Fletcher ordered them to block the probable course of the Port Moresby invasion fleet. Sailing without air cover, Craces ships would be vulnerable to Japanese air strikes. The next day, both carrier groups resumed their searches. Scratch One Flattop While neither found the others main body, they did locate secondary units. This saw Japanese aircraft attack  and sink the destroyer USS Sims as well as cripple the oiler USS Neosho. American aircraft were luckier as they located Shoho.   Caught with most of its aircraft group below decks, the carrier was lightly defended against the combined air groups of the two American carriers. Led by Commander William B. Ault,  Lexingtons aircraft opened the attack shortly after 11:00 AM and scored hits with two bombs and five torpedoes. Burning and nearly stationary,  Shoho  was finished off by  Yorktowns aircraft. The sinking of Shoho led Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon of Lexington  to radio the famous phrase  scratch one flattop.   On May 8, scout planes from each fleet found the enemy around 8:20 AM. As a result, strikes were launched by both sides between 9:15 AM and 9:25 AM. Arriving over Takagis force,  Yorktowns aircraft, led by Lieutenant Commander William O. Burch,  began attacking Shokaku  at 10:57 AM. Hidden in a nearby squall,  Zuikaku  escaped their attention. Hitting Shokaku  with two 1,000 lb. bombs, Burchs men caused severe damage before departing. Reaching the area at 11:30 AM,  Lexingtons planes landed another bomb hit on the crippled carrier. Unable to conduct combat operations, Captain  Takatsugu Jojima  received permission to withdraw his ship from the area.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Japanese Strike Back While the US pilots were having success, Japanese aircraft were approaching the American carriers.   These were detected by  Lexingtons CXAM-1 radar and F4F Wildcat fighters were directed to intercept.   While some of the enemy aircraft were downed, several commenced runs  on  Yorktown  and  Lexington shortly after 11:00 AM.   Japanese torpedo attacks on the former failed, while the latter sustained two hits by Type 91 torpedoes.   These assaults were followed by dive bombing attacks which scored a hit on  Yorktown  and two on  Lexington.  Damage crews raced to save Lexington and succeeded in restoring the the carrier to operational condition.    As these efforts were concluding, sparks from an electric motor ignited a fire which led to a series of fuel-related explosions. In a short time, the resulting fires became uncontrollable. With the crew unable to extinguish the flames, Captain Frederick C. Sherman ordered Lexington  abandoned. After the crew was evacuated, the destroyer USS  Phelps  fired five torpedoes into the burning carrier to prevent its capture. Blocked in their advance and with Craces force in place, the overall Japanese commander, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue, ordered the invasion force to return to port. Aftermath A strategic victory, the Battle of the Coral Sea cost Fletcher the carrier Lexington, as well as the destroyer Sims and the oiler Neosho. Total killed for the Allied forces was 543. For the Japanese, the battle losses included Shoho, one destroyer, and 1,074 killed. In addition, Shokaku was badly damaged and Zuikakus air group greatly reduced. As a result, both would miss the Battle of Midway in early June. While Yorktown was damaged, it was quickly repaired at Pearl Harbor and raced back to sea to aid defeating the Japanese.

Ecological Models And Health Behavior Change Essay

Ecological Models And Health Behavior Change On individual level changes in health promotion and ecological approaches target and influence multiple health behaviors. This is because the individuals living in the environment are embedded in temporary change of behaviors. Therefore it is very important to consider ecological approaches, changing health behaviors and environmental factors while designing operational and supportable health promotion plans. Healthcare promotion is primarily based upon the public health and under this the world has changed very rapidly. Prevention against the diseases is the main health care issues and many professionals have derived many possible solutions to it. Application of ecological approaches in†¦show more content†¦These interventions are provided by health care professionals at individual level and it is not considered safe for everyone. The medical treatments provided to control obesity may benefit an individual but the entire population may not respond well to the changing behaviors unless the root causes are not identified. That is why the obesity epidemic will continue and the people will not stop eating more than they require. The lacking is due to the contributing environmental factors like more fast food consumption, more sedentary lifestyle, less involvement in outdoor games and less use of recreational parks and walkways. The difference in the ecological approach as compared t o the medical approach is it does not blame the person and addresses the complexity of the changing health behaviors (Hovell, Wahlgren Adams, 2009). The social etiology of the disease depends on the underlying causes of the disease which is directly related to the risk factors adopted by the people for unhealthy behaviors. These causes and factors lie in the sociocultural environment. For example heart disease, the outcome of the disease is dependent on bad eating habits, excessive use of tobacco and sedentary lifestyle. All these are considered to be the environmental influences and the researchers are working on to change these factors with the aspect of health promotion (Glass McAtee, 2006). Social Action Theory (SAT) Social actionShow MoreRelatedCommunity Conceptual Model1282 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Conceptual Model Community Conceptual Model Conceptual models are effective guides and tools used for nursing practice. They merge concepts and ideas providing a framework for how to think or demonstrate the elaborate connections between concepts, structures, or a system. They categorize existing interrelationships amid concepts into ways that can effectively direct actions and interventions. 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Philippines and International Division Free Essays

Building an organization In 1933, TTC selected Tony Kitchner to start international operations. He asked for the resources and autonomy to create an International Division. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippines and International Division or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new division needed to be separate from Jollibee’s Philippine side, with a different identity and capabilities. 2. He agreed with TTC that attracting partners with good connections in their markets should be a priority. 3. To project an image of a world-class company and make it to look and act like a multinational, not like a local chain. 4. Kitchner began recruiting experienced internationalists from inside and outside Jollibee. Adding external professionals for marketing, finance, quality control, and product development helped keep innovative ideas churning. Strategic Thrust Tony Kitchner has a definite objective that increase the pace of international expansion with the objective of making Jollibee one of the world’s top ten fast food brands by 2000. Two main themes formulated: 1. Targeting expats: the hundreds of thousands of expatriate Filipinos working in the Middle East, Hong Kong, Guam, and other Asian territories as a latent market for Jollibee and as a good initial base to support entry. But after opening stores, he found that this market was limited. 2. Planting the flag: the expectation was that by expanding the number of stores, the franchise could build brand awareness which in turn would positively impact sales. The problem is only after achieving a certain level of sales could most franchisees afford the advertising and promotion. The other challenge was that rapid expansion led to resource constraints. I think he entered new markets without proper market. Operational management Market entry: Kitvhner handed responsibility for the opening to one of the division’s Franchise Services Managers(FSM). One responsibility in which a franchisee was deeply involved was the key first store. A design manager in the International Division provided support. Oversight and continuing support As operations stabilized and the store manager started to see patterns in sales and operational needs, FSMs allowed stores to report the same data weekly and provide a monthly summary. If FSM saw a decline in sales and managers could not come up with solutions themselves, FSM should coach them to help them generate answers. This open partnership fit with TTC’s view of franchise relations. But his strategy was not focused. CONTROL is an extremely important issue for success and TK’s division was out of control. International vs. domestic practice After numerous market entry battles, a number of elements of Jollibee’s Philippine business model needed to be modified overseas. They decided that they needed to reposition ourselves to target a more up-market clientele. In particular, they disliked the Philippine store design. So Kitchner developed three new store decors, in changed the red background to orange, and added the slogan. Kitchner and his staff made numerous other changes to Jollibee’s Philippine business operating model. Customizing for local tastes Such changes provoked grumbling from many in the large domestic business, and nothing triggered more controversy than the experiment with menu items. Managers in the international division believed that menus should be adjusted to local preferences. Since other menu items were seldom removed, these additions generally increased the size of menus abroad. It always came at the cost of some operating efficiency and operating control. So RD staff on the Philippine side objected strenuously. Overall, the international division’s modification of menus and products caused considerable tension with the Philippine side of Jollibee. I think Kichner overemphasized the differences in the overseas markets. He would have been wise to incorporate the Jollibee company philosophy into his division to foster the camaraderie that was sorely lacking. The division that arose between the domestic and the international side demonstrate a lack of communication. And launching the International Division should at a more sedate pace. How to cite Philippines and International Division, Papers

Untitled Essay Research Paper By Renee Frailey free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper By: Renee Frailey Charles Dickens promotes gallantry and evil Acts of the Apostless in A Narrative of Two Cities like the revolutionaries promoted retribution in France. Devils wrote of many actions to take, but the chief performences displayed are easy recognized in the novel. In this narrative, good and evil semen face to face many times, and they counter-attack each other in really simple ways. The first act of gallantry to be discussed is the fact that Charles Darnay, an expatriate from France, chose to return to Paris to alleviate a friend from gaol. Darnay thought this action over, and reluctantly decided to confront his frights of the people in France. He did non hold to reply his friend # 8217 ; s supplication, but he did because Dickens chose this character to be one of the perfect characters that is disused in society today. Darnay is unusual because he knew he would become in danger by traveling to Paris, but as Dickens said in the 2nd book, # 8220 ; He sat up late, and wrote two ardent letters ; one was to Lucie, explicating the strong duty he was under to travel to Paris, and demoing her, at length, the grounds that he had, for experiencing confident that he could go involved in no personal danger at that place, # 8221 ; ( p. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper By Renee Frailey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 241 ) he went anyhow # 8211 ; clearly non for himself. Another act that Dickens showed in this novel was the occurence of Miss Pross and Madame Defarge coming face to face. This is the most apparent scene of good and evil colliding. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; I know that your purposes are evil, # 8217 ; said Miss Pross, # 8216 ; and you may depend upon it, I # 8217 ; ll keep my ain against them. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( P. 358 ) This statement clearly showed that Miss Pross # 8217 ; s purposes were good, and they were merely to salvage Lucie # 8217 ; s life. Although Madame Defarge died by the battle, this incident was strictly out of love and devotedness to person beloved to Miss Pross. The most epic act in the novel made its show near the last of the book. The event of Sydney Carton replacing Charles Darnay with himself to be beheaded was by far the stupidest thing a individual could hold done, but it was besides the most audacious Acts of the Apostless of any character in A Tale of Two Cities. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; Of all the people upon Earth, you least expected to see me? # 8217 ; # 8221 ; was Carton # 8217 ; s declaration to Darnay when he foremost showed his face to him in the prison cell. Of class because Darnay did non believe he was sympathetic by Carton, he was obviously surprised to see that Carton would come to his deliverance. Sydney did non hold to make what he did to salvage Darnay # 8217 ; s life, but he did merely because he loved a adult female Darnay had in his appreciation. He knew she would neer be with him, so he gave her the life of Darnay to do her happy. Anyone that would give his ain life for the love of person unachievable is a hero in any book. The first evil action to be discussed is the incident when the Marquis St. Evr # 233 ; monde # 8217 ; s passenger car rolled over and killed a little kid. The Marquis seemed to hold no compassion at all. # 8220 ; Monsieur the Marquis ran his eyes over them all, as if they had been mere rats come out of their holes. # 8221 ; ( p.116 ) To many this action would hold been considered evil because a normal individual would hold at least cried some cryings of commiseration toward the decease of the kid. The following evilness to convey up is Darnay # 8217 ; s gaining control in France. The citizens that arrested Charles Darnay did non cognize him at all. They knew of his ascendants # 8217 ; pasts merely. They chose to take retaliation upon him because of the actions of his ascendants. Darnay was merely arrested because he was an blue blood and an emigre. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; ostracizing all emigres, and reprobating all to decease who return # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( p. 248 ) Most likely the most immorality of the evil conveyed in A Tale of Two Cities was the patient retaliation brewing inside of Madame Defarge. One is reminded of an evil enchantress by the actions and words that Madame Defarge displayed. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; Vengeance and requital necessitate a long clip ; it is a rule. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( p. 179 ) This statement made by Madame Defarge clearly shows that her purposes all along were evil, and her character was made to be one like a serpent: patient, waiting to strike. She caused hurting throughout so many of her victums # 8217 ; lives by selfishly seeking retaliation upon the blue bloods that caused the decease of her household. Heroism and evilness collide forces to see that the reader will ever be ready for a alteration in this novel # 8217 ; s secret plan. One neer knows what will go on because of its distorted atmosphere and unrealistic hurting a character can bring down. If A Tale of Two Cities had been more realistic, the reader could hold known what the terminal would hold been.